↑ Krämer 2011, tr. 8: "Several scholars hold the revisionist thesis that the Israelites did not move to the area as a distinct and foreign ethnic group at all, bringing with them their god Yahwe and forcibly evicting the indigenous population, but that they gradually evolved out of an amalgam of several ethnic groups, and that the Israelite cult developed on “Palestinian” soil amid the indigenous population. This would make the Israelites "Palestinians" not just in geographical and political terms (under the British Mandate, both Jews and Arabs living in the country were defined as Palestinians), but in ethnic and broader cultural terms as well. While this does not conform to the conventional view, or to the understanding of most Jews (and Arabs, for that matter), it is not easy to either prove or disprove. For although the Bible speaks at length about how the Israelites "took" the land, it is not a history book to draw reliable maps from. There is nothing in the extra-biblical sources, including the extensive Egyptian materials, to document the sojourn in Egypt or the exodus so vividly described in the Bible (and commonly dated to the thirteenth century). Biblical scholar Moshe Weinfeld sees the biblical account of the exodus, and of Moses and Joshua as founding heroes of the "national narration," as a later rendering of a lived experience that was subsequently either "forgotten" or consciously repressed -- a textbook case of the "invented tradition" so familiar to modern students of ethnicity and nationalism."Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFKrämer2011 (trợ giúp)
↑ Ahlström 1993, tr. 655-741, 754-784.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFAhlström1993 (trợ giúp)
↑ David F. Graf, 'Petra and the Nabataeans in the Early Hellenistic Period: the literary and archaeological evidence,' in Michel Mouton,Stephan G. Schmid (eds.), Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra, Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2013 pp.35-55 pp.47-48:'the Idumean textgs indicate that a large portion of the community in southern Palestine were Arabs, many of whom have names similar to those in the "Nabataean"onomasticon of later periods.' (p.47).
↑ Smith 1999, tr. 210a: "In both the Idumaean and the Ituraean alliances, and in the annexation of Samaria, the Judaeans had taken the leading role. They retained it. The whole political–military–religious league that now united the hill country of Palestine from Dan to Beersheba, whatever it called itself, was directed by, and soon came to be called by others, 'the Ioudaioi'"Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFSmith1999 (trợ giúp)
↑ Ben-Sasson, p.226, "The name Judea no longer referred only to...."
↑ Gil 1997, tr. 47.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGil1997 (trợ giúp)
↑ Gil 1997, tr. 76.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGil1997 (trợ giúp)
↑ Brown, 2011, p. 122: 'the first great Islamic architectural achievement.'
↑ Avni 2014, tr. 314,336.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFAvni2014 (trợ giúp)
↑ Flusin 2011, tr. 199-226, 215: "The religious situation also evolved under the new masters. Christianity did remain the majority religion, but it lost the privileges it had enjoyed."Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFFlusin2011 (trợ giúp)
↑ O'Mahony, 2003, p. 14: ‘Before the Muslim conquest, the population of Palestine was overwhelmingly Christian, albeit with a sizeable Jewish community.’
↑ Avni 2014, tr. 154-55.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFAvni2014 (trợ giúp)
↑ Gil 1997, tr. 134-136.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGil1997 (trợ giúp)
↑ Gil 1997, tr. 329.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGil1997 (trợ giúp)
↑ Gil 1997, tr. 306ff. and p. 307 n. 71; p. 308 n. 73.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGil1997 (trợ giúp)
↑ Bianquis 1998, tr. 103: “Under the Tulunids, Syro-Egyptian territory was deeply imbued with the concept of an extraordinary role devolving upon Jerusalem in Islam as al-Quds, Bayt al-Maqdis or Bayt al-Muqaddas, the “House of Holiness”, the seat of the Last Judgment, the Gate to Paradise for Muslims as well as for Jews and Christians. In the popular conscience, this concept established a bond between the three monotheistic religions. If Ahmad ibn Tulun was interred on the slope of the Muqattam, Isa ibn Musa al-Nashari và Takin were laid to rest in Jerusalem in 910 and 933, as were their Ikhshidid successors and Kafir. To honor the great general and governor of Syria Anushtakin al-Dizbiri, who died in 433/1042, the Fatimid Dynasty had his remains solemnly conveyed from Aleppo to Jerusalem in 448/1056-57.”Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFBianquis1998 (trợ giúp)
↑ Gil 1997, tr. 324.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGil1997 (trợ giúp)
↑ Gil 1997, tr. 336.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGil1997 (trợ giúp)
↑ Gil 1997, tr. 410.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGil1997 (trợ giúp)
↑ Gil 1997, tr. 209, 414.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGil1997 (trợ giúp)
↑ Gil 1997, tr. 826.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGil1997 (trợ giúp)
↑ Krämer 2011, tr. 120: "In 1914 about 12,000 Jewish farmers and fieldworkers lived in approximately forty Jewish settlements -- and to repeat it once again, they were by no means all Zionists. The dominant languages were still Yiddish, Russian, Polish, Rumanian, Hungarian, or German in the case of Ashkenazi immigrants from Europe, and Ladino (or "Judeo-Spanish") and Arabic in the case of Sephardic and Oriental Jews. Biblical Hebrew served as the sacred language, while modern Hebrew (Ivrit) remained for the time being the language of a politically committed minority that had devoted itself to a revival of "Hebrew culture."Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFKrämer2011 (trợ giúp)
↑ Segev 2001, tr. 468-487.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFSegev2001 (trợ giúp)
↑ Segev 2001, tr. 487-521.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFSegev2001 (trợ giúp)
↑ Pappé 1994, tr. 119 "His (Abdallah) natural choice was the regions of Judea and Samaria...".Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFPappé1994 (trợ giúp)
↑ Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Roberts 2008, tr. 248—249, 500, 522... "Transjordan, however, controlled large portions of Judea and Samaria, later known as the West Bank".Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker,_Priscilla_Roberts2008 (trợ giúp)
↑ Gerson 2012, tr. 93 "Trans-Jordan was also in control of all of Judea and Samaria (the West Bank)".Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFGerson2012 (trợ giúp)
↑ Pappé 1994, tr. 102-135.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFPappé1994 (trợ giúp)
↑ Yohanan Aharoni (ngày 1 tháng 1 năm 1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. tr. 64. ISBN978-0-664-24266-4. The desert served as an eastern boundary in times when Transjordan was occupied. But when Transjordan became an unsettled region, a pasturage for desert nomads, then the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea formed the natural eastern boundary of Western Palestine.
↑ Tamari 2011, tr. 29–30: "Filastin Risalesi, is the salnameh type military handbook issued for Palestine at the beginning of the Great War... The first is a general map of the country in which the boundaries extend far beyond the frontiers of the Mutasarflik of Jerusalem, which was, until then, the standard delineation of Palestine. The northern borders of this map include the city of Tyre (Sur) and the Litani River, thus encompassing all of the Galilee and parts of southern Lebanon, as well as districts of Nablus, Haifa and Akka—all of which were part of the Wilayat of Beirut until the end of the war."
↑ Broshi 1979, tr. 7: "... the population of Palestine in antiquity did not exceed a million persons. It can also be shown, moreover, that this was more or less the size of the population in the peak period—the late Byzantine period, around AD 600"
↑ Shiloh 1980, tr. 33: "... the population of the country in the Roman-Byzantine period greatly exceeded that in the Iron Age... If we accept Broshi's population estimates, which appear to be confirmed by the results of recent research, it follows that the estimates for the population during the Iron Age must be set at a lower figure."
